Quantum Physics deals with the science that describes and defines the indivisible units. Quantum Theories described the interaction of matter and electrons, how they absorb energy and their physical movement and interaction of atoms and matter. Quantum is the energy packet of a radiation and quanta are the energy packets of radiations. Quanta is nowadays called as photons, as described in the Standard Model of Universe. There were two Quantum theories, Old and New. The old theory was not perfect and didn't describe and give proves about the physical changes of particles. After Max Planck realized that all the elementary particles exhibit both wave and particle's properties, the New Quantum Theory was made and was perfect and logical.
Origin of Quantum Physics
Quanta
Bohr used the quantum theory to give solutions to the problems in the atomic structures. He used some of Planck's Idea also to describe the atomic structure of atoms and how electrons are orbiting around them. In 1922, Erwin and Werner developed Bohr's atomic model into modern Quantum Physics. These gave the turning point of science in the field of Quantum Physics and Chemistry.
Niels Bohr
Niels Bohr used Newton's Mechanisms to show that electrons orbited around a nucleus. This nucleus has some protons attached to them. The electron's positive force and proton's negative force cause the electron to orbit in fixed orbits around the nucleus. He also added that atoms contained only fixed amount of energy in the form of quanta and released or absorbed them also in the form of quanta. This gave the perfect theory about atomic structure.
Max Planck's Theory ( New Quantum Theory )
Max Planck
Max Planck gave the idea that the hot or black body radiations (radiations emitted by hot bodies) could be explained if they came in packets or Quanta (now known as photons). When there is a group of quanta is emitted, they appear like waves and exhibit properties of waves. Even Albert Einstein showed the photo-electric effect by the principle of quanta. His famous equation, E = hv, where E is the energy absorbed, h is Planck's Constant and v is the frequency or energy contained in a photon. In photo-electric effect, as described by Einstein, objects gain energy from the calculation of this equation. This same object emits energy in the form of photons, again calculated from this equation.
Radiation
Radiations are emitted from electrons. Quantum Physics shows and describes an electron as a wave and a particle emitted by an atom. But this electron works for four fundamental forces' law except gravity. These forces are weak nuclear forces, strong nuclear forces and electro-magnetic forces. Most of these radiations are keep travelling in space and mostly emitted from nuclear fission, when one atom splits into two and produces gamma radiations. These radiations can also be emitted from radioactive wastes, which are dangerous to humans.
Black Body
Any body that can absorb or emit complete energy in the form of photons are called black bodies, which are calculated by using Planck's formula. These bodies emit generally radiations hazardous and dangerous to humans. Black Body Radiations are electro-magnetic radiations emitted by black bodies which are non-reflective and black color at room temperature.
Wave-Particle Duality
After Max Planck's idea of radiations, these elementary particles were been called electro-magnetic radiations, which are emitted by a hot body in the form of quanta. This duality was a unique fact in the quantum theory and quantum theory of light(see light) describes it and black body radiations as electro-magnetic radiations.
Photo-Electric Effect
Photo-Electric Effect shows that whenever a matter absorbs energy from light, electrons of that particular matter and substance is emitted. This principle can be seen in plants, in their process of photo-synthesis. Albert Einstein used the laws and principles of Quanta to explain this effect and showed that energy absorbed from light is same as energy absorbed from quanta. If quanta was not proved, Einstein would not have known from where energy is absorbed from light and photo-electric effect would not have been proved.
Article by - M. Santosh
_________________________________________________________________________________
No comments:
Post a Comment